Transpositional feeding rhythm of loach <Emphasis Type="Italic">Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</Emphasis> from larvae to juveniles and its ontogenesis under artificial rearing conditions

The diel feeding rhythm and ontogenesis during early life stage of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus were investigated under experimental conditions (light: L 06:00–18:00, D 18:00–06:00 h). Morphological and behavioral developments of loach from newly hatched to 40 days after hatching were observed. Larvae were able to prey on daphnia 3–4 days after hatching at 23 ± 0.5°C. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity and incidence for day-4 larvae were highest at 10:00 and 16:00 h. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day-12 larvae occurred at 08:00, 12:00, and 18:00 h as did feeding incidence. By day 20, when the larvae metamorphosed, the highest levels of feeding intensity occurred at 06:00, 18:00, and 24:00 h and were concurrent with the highest feeding incidence. After metamorphosis, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages before day 20, feeding intensity for day-30 juveniles peaked at 05:00 and 20:00 h, about 1–2 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The feeding rhythm of loach juveniles at day 40 was almost the same as the day-30 juveniles. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 43.1%, 33.4%, 19.0%, 12.8%, and 5.8% of body weight on days 4, 12, 20, 30, and 40, respectively. Thus, loach was found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre- and post-metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in daytime during the larval planktonic stage before metamorphosis, and intensely nocturnal feeding behavior during the juvenile benthic stage after metamorphosis.     

兔出血症-巴氏杆菌病蜂胶二联灭活苗保存期试验

研制兔出血症-巴氏杆菌病蜂胶二联灭活苗2批，分别在4-8℃和室温条件下保存6个月、12个月后进行免疫保护试验。结果显示：蜂胶二联苗在4～8℃和室温条件下保存6个月、12个月，对兔出血症的保护率均为100％；4～8℃保存6个月对巴氏杆菌病的保护率为100％，保存12个月对巴氏杆菌病的保护率为90％；室温保存6个月对巴氏杆菌病的保护率80％，保存12个月对巴氏杆菌病的保护率为70％。据此可以确定蜂胶二联苗的保存期为4～8℃一年或室温半年。     

Seasonal dynamics and age structure of drifting cyprinid fishes: an interspecific comparison

Abstract –  We investigated interspecific differences in the downstream drift of seven species of young-of-the-year cyprinids over a 2-year period in two central European rivers, using a comparison of drifting fish with fish collected from nurseries at the same time and the same site as the drift samples. Species varied in the utilisation of the drift; Rutilus rutilus , Gobio spp., Abramis brama and Carassius auratus gibelio drifted abundantly, while Leuciscus cephalus and Alburnus alburnus were abundant in nurseries, but drifted at low densities. Abramis bjoerkna was equally represented among drifting and resident fish. Generally, fish drifted at two major developmental intervals; L3 stage and the stage at transition between larval and juvenile periods (L6/Juv), with interspecific differences in the ontogenetic timing of drifting. The propensity to drifting of certain developmental stages was also reflected in body size comparisons between drifting and resident fish. The stage-dependent drifting may be attributed to major changes in fish morphology, behaviour and swimming ability.     

刀具的可靠性及其分析

讨论了刀具寿命的失效机理，为提高刀具的可靠性提供理论依据。     

浅谈疲劳与保健

近年来,越来越多的人因为对更高的物质生活追求而承受着巨大的工作压力,从而忽视了健康。大多数人都处于亚健康的状态。从日常生活出发,分析了健康对人类的重要性,以期有助于处于亚健康的人群。     

不同温度对扬州盐水鹅品质的影响

[目的]为了保证扬州盐水鹅的卫生质量和品质。[方法]对扬州盐水鹅在不同保存温度下菌落总数、菌相和pH值的变化进行试验性观察。[结果]当菌落总数达到106 cfu/g、腿肌pH值为6.5以上时,均有异味产生;腐败过程中的优势菌种,37℃为肠球菌属和葡萄球菌属,20℃为变形杆菌属,4℃为假单胞菌属;对于当天制作并于中午出售的盐水鹅,其保存期限建议值为:37℃不超过7 h,20℃不超过24 h,4℃不超过6 d。[结论]该研究为建立健全可供盐水鹅新鲜度鉴定使用的卫生评价指标提供了依据。     

Multiple marking of otoliths of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., with alizarin redS to compare efficiency of stocking of three early life stages

Abstract  This study examined stocking with three early life stages of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in the context of rehabilitating a native lineage. Experimental sections in five streams were stocked successively with three stages (I: unfed fry at the end of the reabsorption phase, II: fed fry measuring 2–3 cm and III: fed fry measuring 4–5 cm) derived from a hatchery stock bred from wild spawners. The three stages were distinguished by single or multiple fluoromarking of the otoliths with alizarin redS. The index of relative stocking efficiency was greater for stage II than for stage I in all sections and equivalent or greater than that for stage III. Stage II achieved significantly larger mean length and weight in autumn than stage III stockings.     

不同浓度明矾对康乃馨切花的保鲜效应

【目的】探究不同浓度明矾对康乃馨切花的保鲜效果,为康乃馨开发保鲜剂提供借鉴。【方法】以小桃红康乃馨为材料,3%蔗糖+200 mg/L柠檬酸+200 mg/L 8-HQS为基础液,在基础液中分别加入不同浓度明矾进行瓶插试验,研究康乃馨切花的瓶插寿命、鲜重变化率及其他生理生化变化情况。【结果】不同浓度明矾处理延长了康乃馨瓶插寿命,其中基础液添加180 mg/L明矾处理效果最佳,比空白对照延长切花瓶插寿命3.5 d。瓶插过程中,该处理切花鲜重变化率瓶插6 d后保持较高水平;瓶插4 d后,水分平衡值小于0,比对照延迟了出现水分平衡值为负的时间,保持较好的吸水保水能力。可溶性糖含量比对照高,增加细胞液浓度,瓶插3 d后POD和CAT活性比对照高,有效清除活性氧自由基,瓶插6 d后康乃馨切花花瓣相对电导率和MDA含量低于对照,有利于康乃馨花瓣细胞膜完整性,增强抗逆性,延缓衰老。【结论】基础液添加180 mg/L明矾处理有效延长了康乃馨的瓶插寿命,改善康乃馨切花体内的水分状况,提高酶活性清除更多的自由基,降低相对电导率和MDA含量,保持细胞膜的完整性;提高可溶性糖含量,调节细胞渗透压,延缓衰老,延长康乃馨切花的保鲜期。     

提高特殊柱塞泵往复密封寿命的优化设计

针对输送含颗粒介质柱塞泵的柱塞、填料寿命问题,从接触型往复密封的摩擦学机理出发,通过优化匹配柱塞直径、行程及泵速各参数,合理控制柱塞的线速度,降低摩擦速度,对柱塞填料密封进行优化设计;通过求解间隙中的流体力学层流运动问题,合理控制冲洗液的压力,保证全压密封系统中接触区的液膜处在混合润滑状态下工作,使密封副有良好的润滑;提出了两种填料函方案,并和采用不同表面处理工艺的柱塞及多种填料搭配组合进行试验.试验结果表明,密封累计运行了4 455 h后,组合1和组合2柱塞的磨损仅为0.03 mm和0.05 mm;在生产实际中,改进后的密封设计,使柱塞及填料的使用寿命从原来的1 500 h提高到4 500 h以上.     

Response of gladiolus (Gladiolus spp) plants after exposure corms to chitosan and hot water treatments

The state of Morelos, Mexico has gradually become an important producer of gladiolus. Some preconditioning treatments of corms are empirically done causing uneven emergence and low quality of flowers. In this investigation, before planting, gladiolus corms var. ‘Blanca Borrego’ were dipped in chitosan (chitosan reagent and commercial chitosan Biorend^®), in hot water at various temperatures and in treatments combined with Biorend^® at 1.5% and hot water. Results indicated that the most influenced variables were corm germination, number of flowers per spike, number of cormlets and vase life. Overall, the commercial product Biorend^® at 1.5% accelerated corm emergence in approximately 4 days, the number of flowers increased by 2–7 and the vase life extended for 3 days. The number of cormlets was also duplicated. Corms dipped in the commercial chitosan Biorend^® at 1.5% at different intervals of time were not greatly affected except for the emergence and number of cormlets. However, for this experiment there were significant effects on the number of leaves and flowers because of the interactions between chitosan and the immersion time. The temperature of 55 °C affected plant development because emergence was delayed by 6 days; and there were less number of leaves, flowers and cormlets. On the other hand, the incidence of Fusarium oxysporum in naturally infected corms was 0% at temperatures of 55 °C and 50 °C. Immersion times (0, 10, 15 and 20 min) in hot water at 50 °C did not show significant effects on plant development and vase life. Corms dipped in Biorend^® at 1.5% and hot water at 50 °C accelerated their emergence for about 1–7 days, the number of flowers increased by two, extended the storage life for 1–3 days and increased the number of cormlets. The integration of these two treatments -Biorend^® and hot water- might be a good option for increasing the gladiolus plant quality and vase life.